Biomarker library
What each marker in your assessment measures, what lower and higher results can mean, and what can help — each with a short 3D film.
Measured in your health assessment, with a doctor to explain your results. Book yours
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A full blood count is a census of the three cell families in your blood: red cells that carry oxygen, white cells that defend you and platelets that seal leaks. Their numbers and sizes reveal anaemia, infection and inflammation, and how well your bone marrow is working.
Basophil count
Basophils are the rarest white blood cells, usually less than 1% of the total, but they carry the histamine that drives allergic reactions.
Eosinophil count
Eosinophils are white cells built to fight parasites, and they are also central to allergic conditions such as asthma, hay fever and eczema.
Haematocrit
Haematocrit is the share of your blood's volume taken up by red cells: usually around 40 to 50% in men and 36 to 46% in women.
Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is the iron-containing protein that fills your red blood cells and carries oxygen from your lungs to every tissue.
Lymphocyte count
Lymphocytes are your immune system's specialists: T cells that coordinate the response and kill infected cells, B cells that make antibodies, and natural killer cells that destroy infected and abnormal cells.
MCH
MCH (mean cell haemoglobin) is the average amount of haemoglobin inside each red blood cell: how well stocked each oxygen carrier is.
MCHC
MCHC (mean cell haemoglobin concentration) is how densely haemoglobin is packed inside your red cells: the colour strength of each cell.
MCV
MCV (mean cell volume) is the average size of your red blood cells.
Monocyte count
Monocytes are the immune system's clean-up crew.
Neutrophil count
Neutrophils are your first responders.
Platelets
Platelets are tiny cell fragments that plug leaks.
Red blood cells
Red blood cells are your oxygen couriers.
White blood cells
White blood cells are your immune system's mobile force.
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Iron is essential for carrying oxygen and making energy, but it is toxic when free, so your body stores it carefully and moves it under escort. These markers show your reserves, the iron in transit and how full the transport is, enough to tell deficiency, inflammation and overload apart.
Ferritin
Ferritin is your body's iron store: a hollow protein shell that can lock away up to 4,500 iron atoms, mainly in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.
Iron
Serum iron is the iron travelling in your blood at the moment of the test, bound to its carrier protein, transferrin.
TIBC
TIBC (total iron-binding capacity) measures how much iron your blood could carry if every seat on its transport protein, transferrin, were filled.
Transferrin
Transferrin is the protein that ferries iron through your bloodstream, delivering it to the bone marrow to make red cells and to every tissue that needs it.
Transferrin saturation
Transferrin saturation is the percentage of iron-carrying seats that are filled, usually about 20 to 45%.
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Cholesterol and triglycerides travel through your blood inside particles, and the number and type of those particles shape how plaque builds in your arteries. Beyond the standard cholesterol test, this panel counts the particles (ApoB), checks the inherited Lp(a) and looks at the proteins that load, unload and clear them.
Apo CII
Apolipoprotein C-II is the switch that turns on lipoprotein lipase, the enzyme that unloads triglycerides from fat-carrying particles so your muscles can burn them and your fat tissue can store them.
Apo CIII
Apolipoprotein C-III is the brake on fat clearance.
Apolipoprotein A-I
Apolipoprotein A-I is the main protein of HDL particles: the scaffold that lets HDL pick up spare cholesterol from your cells.
Apolipoprotein B
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is the protein frame of every particle that can clog arteries: LDL, VLDL and Lp(a).
Apolipoprotein B / A-I ratio
The ApoB/ApoA-I ratio compares the number of particles that can clog arteries (ApoB) with the main protein of protective HDL (ApoA-I).
Apolipoprotein E
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein on triglyceride-rich particles and some HDL.
HDL cholesterol
HDL is the cholesterol your body is sending home.
LDL cholesterol
LDL is the main delivery vehicle for cholesterol, carrying it from the liver out to the cells of your body.
Lipoprotein(a)
Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), is an LDL-like particle with an extra protein tail.
Small LDL-C
Small dense LDL is a subtype of LDL: smaller, heavier particles that each carry less cholesterol but are especially good at getting into artery walls.
Total cholesterol
Total cholesterol is all the cholesterol carried in your blood: in LDL, in HDL and in the triglyceride-rich particles, added together.
Total cholesterol / HDL cholesterol ratio
This ratio divides your total cholesterol by your HDL: one number that weighs the cholesterol heading into your arteries against the cholesterol heading home.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are the main form of fat in your diet and in your body: energy stored for later.
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Glucose is your body's fuel and insulin is the key that lets it into your cells. These markers show today's level, the three-month average and how hard your pancreas is working to keep things steady, revealing insulin resistance years before diabetes.
C-peptide
C-peptide is released in equal amounts with insulin whenever the pancreas makes it, so it shows how much insulin your own body is producing.
Glucose
Glucose is your body's main fuel: the sugar your blood carries to every cell, and your brain's preferred source of energy.
HbA1c
HbA1c measures how much glucose has stuck to the haemoglobin in your red blood cells: a built-in record of your average blood sugar over the last two to three months.
Insulin
Insulin is the hormone that opens the doors.
Fat tissue is an active hormone-producing organ, not just a store. Adiponectin, leptin and resistin show whether it is sending healthy signals or inflammatory ones, adding depth to the picture of insulin resistance and metabolic health.
Adiponectin
Adiponectin is a hormone made by fat tissue that, unusually, does good: it makes your cells more sensitive to insulin and helps them burn fat.
Leptin
Leptin is the ‘I'm full’ hormone.
Resistin
Resistin is a signalling protein that, in people, comes mainly from immune cells within fat tissue and is tied to inflammation.
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Your kidneys filter around 180 litres of blood a day, keeping what you need and removing waste. These markers measure that filtering, the salts the kidneys balance and the minerals they help to regulate.
Calcium
Calcium builds your bones and teeth, which hold 99% of it.
Chloride
Chloride is sodium's partner in the fluid outside your cells, helping to hold water in your bloodstream and keep your blood's acid balance stable.
Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product of normal muscle activity.
Cystatin C
Cystatin C is a small protein made by every cell in your body at a steady rate and filtered by the kidneys, which makes it a second, independent gauge of kidney function.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) estimates how much blood your kidneys filter each minute.
Magnesium
Magnesium is involved in more than 300 enzyme reactions, from making energy and protein to keeping your heart rhythm steady and your muscles relaxed.
Phosphate
Phosphate partners with calcium to build bone, and every cell uses it to store and spend energy as ATP.
Potassium
Potassium is the main salt inside your cells, and it is essential for a steady heartbeat, nerve signals and muscle contraction.
Sodium
Sodium is the main salt in the fluid around your cells.
Urea
Urea is how your body gets rid of the nitrogen from protein.
Uric acid
Uric acid is what your body makes when it breaks down purines, building blocks found in your own cells and in foods such as red meat, offal, shellfish and beer.
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Your liver does hundreds of jobs, from processing nutrients and medicines to making proteins and clearing waste. These enzymes and proteins show whether liver cells are under strain, whether bile is flowing and how well the liver is making what you need.
Albumin
Albumin is the most abundant protein in your blood, made by the liver.
ALP
ALP (alkaline phosphatase) is an enzyme made mainly in the bile ducts of the liver and in the cells that build bone.
ALT
ALT (alanine aminotransferase) is an enzyme found mainly inside liver cells, where it helps turn amino acids into energy.
AST
AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme found in the liver but also in heart and skeletal muscle and in red blood cells.
GGT
GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) is an enzyme in the liver and bile ducts that helps recycle glutathione, one of the body's main antioxidants.
Total bilirubin
Bilirubin is the yellow pigment made when old red blood cells are broken down.
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Urine is a window into your kidneys, bladder and metabolism. A dipstick checks for protein, sugar, ketones, blood, signs of infection and bile pigments, clues that can point to a problem long before symptoms appear.
Urine bilirubin
Bilirubin isn't normally found in urine.
Urine glucose
Urine glucose checks whether sugar is spilling into your urine.
Urine ketones
Ketones are fuels the liver makes when it burns fat instead of glucose: during fasting, on very low-carbohydrate diets or when insulin is lacking.
Urine nitrites
Nitrites in urine are a sign of bacteria.
Urine pH
Urine pH measures how acidic or alkaline your urine is, on a scale where 7 is neutral.
Urine protein
Healthy kidneys keep protein in the blood, so only tiny amounts should reach your urine.
Urine red blood cells
Red blood cells in urine (haematuria) may be visible, turning urine pink or red, or found only on testing.
Urine urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is made by gut bacteria from bilirubin.
Urine white blood cells
White blood cells in urine (leucocytes) signal inflammation somewhere in the urinary tract, most often from an infection.
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Vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folate are among the nutrients most often found low in UK adults, and each can quietly cause tiredness, low mood or anaemia. Measuring them shows whether your diet, sunlight or absorption needs attention.
Folic acid
Folate (vitamin B9) is needed to make DNA and new cells, especially red blood cells and, in pregnancy, the baby's developing spine.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is essential for making healthy red blood cells, keeping nerves insulated and copying DNA.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is really a hormone your skin makes from sunlight.
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Your thyroid sets your metabolic pace: energy, temperature, heart rate and weight. These markers show the brain's signal (TSH), the thyroid's response (T4 and T3) and whether your immune system is targeting the gland.
Anti-Tg
Anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibodies target thyroglobulin, the protein your thyroid uses to build its hormones.
Anti-TPO
Anti-TPO antibodies target thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme your thyroid uses to make its hormones.
Free T3
Free T3 (triiodothyronine) is the most active thyroid hormone.
Free T4
Free T4 (thyroxine) is the main hormone your thyroid releases.
TSH
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is the pituitary gland's message to your thyroid: make more hormone.
Sex hormones shape energy, mood, libido, fertility, muscle and bone in women and men alike. Read together, these markers show whether the signal from the brain and the response from the ovaries or testes are in balance.
FSH
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is made by the pituitary gland.
LH
LH (luteinising hormone) is the pituitary signal that triggers ovulation in women and tells the testes to make testosterone in men.
Oestradiol
Oestradiol is the main form of oestrogen.
Progesterone
Progesterone prepares the lining of the womb for a pregnancy.
Prolactin
Prolactin is the pituitary hormone that triggers breast milk after childbirth.
SHBG
SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) is a protein made by the liver that carries testosterone and oestradiol in the blood and controls how much is free to act.
Testosterone
Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, made by the testes.
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When muscles are worked hard or injured, their enzymes spill into the blood. These markers show how your muscles are coping, and help interpret other results that exercise can affect.
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Inflammation is the body's response to infection and injury, but when it smoulders for years it contributes to heart disease and diabetes. CRP is the classic measure of both kinds.
Tumour markers are proteins that can rise with some cancers but also with many harmless conditions. They are never a diagnosis on their own; they help decide who needs further tests.
A test that sits outside the main panels but adds important information: PSA, which reflects the health of the prostate.
NoteGeneral educational illustration. Colours, sizes and movement are simplified. This is not a scan or a simulation of your body.
Your first measurement is just the beginning of your journey to better health.
